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This post is going to be a little different than my usual weekly update from the world of biomedical engineering. I spend quite a bit of time in my car every day and during that time my mind begins to drift (fortunately the car doesn't) about things I want to know more about. Well, one day as I was sitting in a little bit of traffic I was overcome by a huge yawn and the light bulb over my head turned on. Why do people yawn? As I was itching my head in contemplation, I wondered What is an itch?....you get the idea.
So this is part 1 to medical mysteries uncovered. The topics I'll be explaining today is why do you yawn, and what causes you to twitch before falling asleep.
Why do you yawn?
We all know what a yawn looks and feels like. You're probably yawning while you read this (don't worry, I'm not offended) because one of the most common reasons you yawn is because you 'caught' it from someone else. But where does a yawn start?
Yawning is a reflex or involuntary action during which a large amount of air is inhaled and then exhaled. It is often associated with fatigue or boredom, but there is no definitive answer as to what causes a yawn. One of the most common theories on yawns is that they function to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood or lungs. The theory states that someone who is tired or bored may not be breathing fast or deep enough, causing a buildup of carbon dioxide in the lungs and bloodstream. This large inhalation would cause an exchange of the air in the lungs. However, scientists dispute this claim by noting that oxygen intake is less while yawning than during normal breathing. Another theory states that a yawn is used to regulate the temperature of the brain. A symptom of fatigue or lack of sleep is an increase in brain temperature. A yawn cools the brain so that it is more alert. Several other theories exist as to the cause or function of a yawn, such as stabilizing the pressure on either side of the eardrums, and as a signal for hunger (low glucose).
Yawns are contagious. Like I mentioned, you've probably yawned while you were reading this post. The contagiousness of yawns is said to be caused by mirror neurons present in the frontal cortex of the brain, which imitates the actions of others. They are thought to be an evolutionary development so a group could stay alert against possible dangers. Yawning is also linked to a person's level of empathy. The person's chance of 'catching' another person's yawns is linked to their level of empathy and relationship with that person. The more empathetic and close to the person you are, the higher the chance you'll catch their yawn.
What causes you to twitch before falling asleep?
Imagine you're just about to fall asleep, and while your mind is racing with all the things on your to-do list, you drift off to sleep only to find that your dream has you miss a step and wake with the jolt of the impact. We've all experienced this or have slept next to someone who has twitched as they doze off. These 'sleep starts' are called hypnagogic jerks and they affect 60 to 70 percent of Americans. Hypnic jerks are type of myoclonic twitch which is an involuntary twitching of a muscle or a group of muscles.
The exact cause isn't clear and it may be associated with stress or caffeine. As the person is just about to fall asleep they experience the sensation of falling. The muscles are relaxing and the brain interprets that as falling, so it jerks the muscles to get upright. These light jerks are part of the natural sleep process, but when they occur during deep sleep they can cause health and sleep problems. Deep sleep jerks are caused by snoring, breathing problems, teeth grinding and even nightmares. There isn't a cure for hypnic jerks but adjusting your 'sleep hygiene' to give yourself time to relax and avoiding caffeine may help reduce them.
Two mysteries down and many more to go. I'll do my best to keep this up on a somewhat regular basis and there is no shortage of medical and biological mysteries to cover.
Please let me know what you think and if you have any mysteries you would like me to try and solve.
References
What Causes a Yawn
Myoclonus
*Disclaimer- I'm not a medical expert. Please do not suggest personal medical issues or symptoms for me to diagnosis.
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