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Only last week, I was okay with my daily routine. Before
work I'd have my bowl of cereal topped with milk from a plastic jug, grab my
plastic Nalgene water-bottle, and be out the door. This past week, I passed up
the plastic gallon at the grocery store and have been looking at my
once-beloved Nalgene a little differently. I look at my surroundings at home,
work, and at school in astonishment as I realize that most things in my life
are plastic.
Why the change? In Poisonous
Plastics – Part One I talked about the massive vortex of plastic and
other garbage floating in the Pacific Ocean.
This mass of garbage is becoming problematic for marine life and seabirds as
it's become a major part of their diet. Some of you are thinking "okay, that's
just survival of the fittest", but what you may not know is that plastics can have
serious effects on humans too.
Think about it. Every one of our senses comes into contact
with plastics. Plastics even brought you to this webpage (i.e., your keyboard,
mouse, etc.). Plastic is useful for many things; it's convenient, easy to mold,
relatively inexpensive, and can be manipulated with numerous additives for many
purposes. But what is the cost associated with plastics? Answer: your health.
In 1997 the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
began to refer to plastics as "food contact substances" instead of "indirect food
additives". The new label sounds better than the old one, right? The plastics
industry claims that the process of polymerization binds chemicals together so
that they are no longer toxic to humans; however, polymerization doesn't always
result in perfect chemical binding. This means that toxic chemicals in plastics
are able to migrate into whatever they contact.
When chemicals migrate into food substances, they transmit
toxins into our bodies. Serious health effects from chemical migration include
physical deformities, cancer, early puberty, immune deficiencies,
endometriosis, behavioral problems, impaired memory, and reduced hand-eye
coordination. These health effects are due to low-doses of endocrine disruptors
(EDs), substances that interfere with the physiologic function of endogenous
hormones. The three most common plastics associated with these health risks are
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) #3, polystyrene (PS) #6, and "other" plastic #7 which
includes polycarbonates (PC).
Polyvinyl chloride plastics are used in making toys, vinyl
products, food packaging, cosmetics, and other consumer goods. PVC is linked to
cancer, birth defects, genetic changes, chronic bronchitis, vision failure, and
other ailments. Similarly, polystyrene plastics are used for making food containers, CD
cases, disposable cutlery, building insulation, packaging peanuts, and disposable
hot-drink cups. PS has been shown to cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and
throat. Additionally, the chemicals in polystyrene can store body fat and
elevate rates of lymphatic and hematopoietic cancers.
"Other" #7 plastics include polycarbonates with Bisphenol A,
an estrogen receptor agonist. Bisphenol A can activate estrogen receptors in
the body that have similar effects as the body's own estrogens. These hormones
are responsible for regulating puberty and the growth of bones, skin, organs,
and tissues. Too much of this hormone increases a woman's chances of getting
breast cancer, and may result in lower sperm counts and prostate cancer among
men.
Bisophenol A is the agent under the most scrutiny when it
comes to the effects of plastic. Researchers believe that this chemical has
become embedded into our environment as a building block and producer of
polycarbonate plastic, epoxy resins, and other plastics. Bisophenol A is known for
its use in baby bottles, Nalgene bottles (oh no!), and other hard-plastic applications.
It has also been used in the creation of pesticides, fungicide, antioxidants,
flame retardants, and rubber chemicals.
Researchers are continuing to investigate the harmful
effects of plastics on humans, especially those containing Bisphenol A. From
what I've read, plastics may pose a serious risk to human health. Each
encounter with plastic may provide only a low-dose of carcinogens, but most
people have multiple encounters with plastic on a daily basis. Plastics aren't
the only materials which contain potentially-dangerous chemicals, but that
doesn't mean that plastic isn't harmful.
What do you think?
- Do you believe that plastics pose a health risk
for humans?
-
Should these potential risks be covered more
prominent in the mainstream media?
This is Part 2 of a three-part series. Be sure to check back
next week to find out what alternatives to plastic are available.
Resources:
http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/plastic.htm
http://www.worldandi.com/public/2001/October/ee.html
http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/138/5/1777
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/opa-notf.html
http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/NewScience/oncompounds/bisphenola/2005/2005-0310calafatetal.htm
http://www.peopleandplanet.net/doc.php?id=2595
http://www.ecologycenter.org/factsheets/plastichealtheffects.html
http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/6th-Basic-Food-Group.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic#Negative_health_effects
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070804101711.htm
http://axcessnews.com/index.php/articles/show/id/11938
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