Aqua Dots are small, colorful, liquid-filled beads that children
can arrange into various designs and then spray with water to hold them in
place. Until today, I kept a blue-and-brown Aqua Dot design on my desk, a
reminder from my children they that like their father to think about them while
he's at work. Today, I was reminded that part of my job –
understanding how technology shapes individuals and their communities – isn't
confined to my cubicle. Shortly after 5:30 AM this morning, just after watching
the local news, we scoured our home for Aqua Dots and threw them all away.
Once touted as one of the hottest new toys of this
overly-long Christmas season, Aqua Dots are the latest example of how "made in China" is
synonymous with caveat emptor ("let
the buyer beware"). Yesterday, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
(CPSC) announced that over 4 million Chinese-made Aqua Dots may contain a
coma-inducing chemical called 1, 4-Butanediol (BD). Regulatory agencies in Canada and Australia have also announced
nationwide recalls on Aqua Dots, which are marketed as "Bindeez" down under.
Tragically, three Australian children have been hospitalized after ingesting
the toy with the dangerous drug inside.
This news story isn't confined to CR4, of course, but
there's precious little coverage of the chemistry involved. From what I
understand (I'm not a chemist), 1,4-Butanediol (C4H10O2) is a viscous,
colorless, organic compound produced by the synthesis of acetylene with two
equivalents of formaldehyde. In large-scale production, however, 1,4-Butanediol (BD) is made by the vapor-phase hydrogenation of the esters and anhydrides of
maleic acid and succinic acid. 1,4-Butanediol is used as a solvent,
or in the manufacturer of certain plastics. That may explain why it was added to Aqua
Dots, but the decision to use 1.4-Butanediol was a dangerous one.
Inside the human body, 1,4-Butandediol (BD) metabolizes into
gamma hydroxyl butyrate (GHB) – a key component in the so-called "date rape
drug". First synthesized in 1960, GHB was proposed as an anesthetic because of
its ability to rapidly induce a deep coma, with only minor cardiovascular and
respiratory depressant effects. GHB caused seizure-like symptoms, however, and its
lack of analgesia did little for post-operative pain relief. Although the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prohibited the sale and manufacture of GHB
in 1990, the chemical has become a popular alternative to "ecstasy" and methamphetamines. It's many street names include grievous bodily harm and liquid x.
In an effort to bypass FDA regulations about GHB, some manufacturers have begun selling 1,4-Butanediol commercially. The FDA has declared BD a
Class I Health Hazard (i.e., a potentially life-threatening drug), but the regulatory agency's reach doesn't extend to China, the nation from which the United States imports 80% of its toys.
Resources:
http://www.reuters.com/article/governmentFilingsNews/idUSN0741410820071108
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21683347/
http://www.thestar.com/News/article/274693
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,4-butanediol
http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic848.htm
Steve Melito - The Y Files
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