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The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

Posted April 09, 2009 3:00 PM by Moose

This week, U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates recommended capping the Pentagon's procurement of the F-22 Raptor at 187 planes. This fifth-generation military aircraft is built by Lockheed Martin, a Maryland-based defense contractor that employs over 145,000 people worldwide. Parts of the F-22 Raptor are also produced by Boeing Integrated Defense Systems (IDS), a unit of the Boeing Company that recently unveiled the F-15 Silent Eagle (F-15SE) at its headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri.

Predictably, most accounts of Secretary Gates' decision regarding the F-22 have focused on government outlays, cost overruns, and potential job losses. And, also predictably, there has been little discussion about the technical features and military capabilities of this military aircraft. CR4ers are more tech-savvy than the general populace, however, and their knowledge is far from "predictable". So, in the interest of examining "the technology behind the news", here's a brief description of the F-22.

Defense Contractors

The F-22 Raptor is a highly-maneuverable strike fighter that entered service with the United States Air Force (USAF) on December 15, 2005. As of February 2009, 135 have Raptors have been built at per-unit flyaway cost of $137.5 million (USD). Although Lockheed Martin is the prime contractor, Boeing IDS supplies the aft fuselage, avionics integration, and wings. The St. Louis-based business unit also provides the pilot and maintenance training systems. Other defense contractors for the F-22 Raptor include BAE Systems, Inc. and Raytheon.

Stealth Technology

Although some details of the F-22's radar cross section (RCR) remain classified, it's no secret that the Raptor uses stealth technology. Unlike previous stealth warplanes such as the F-117 Nighthawk, however, the F-22 Raptor relies less on maintenance-intensive radar absorbent materials (RAM) and more on a low-observation profile and controlled radio and noise emissions. Plus, unlike the B-2 Spirit, a stealth bomber that requires climate-controlled hangars, the F-22 can be repaired right on the flight line.

Thrust Vectoring

The F-22 Raptor is equipped with dual afterburning Pratt & Whitney F110-PW-100 turbofans that incorporate pitch axis thrust-vectoring. For jet fighters such as the F-22, thrust-vectoring in the pitch axis is more useful than thrust-vectoring in the yaw axis because the pitch is used to make tight turns after the aircraft banks. Instead of three-dimensional (3D) nozzles, flight control systems (FCS) and software is used to achieve yaw control. This technology serves to minimize the plane's infrared (IR) signature.

Built for Speed

According to Paul Metz, Lockheed Martin's former Raptor test pilot, the F-22 Raptor has a top speed in excess of 1,600 mph (Mach 2.42) and a faster climb rate than the F-15 Eagle. In supercruise mode, however, the F-22's maximum speed is limited to Mach 1.82. This latter estimate is for a Raptor without external weapons, air-to-air missiles that mount on rail launchers on wing-based hardpoints. For combat missions that require higher speeds, longer ranges, and the fullest use of stealth technology, these air-to-air missiles are carried in internal weapons bays.

Resources:

http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=a0NQwnEqxSl4&refer=home

http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/planes/q0216.shtml

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22_Raptor

http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aboutus/index.html

http://www.f-16.net/f-16_forum_viewtopic-t-11888.html

http://cr4.globalspec.com/blogentry/6100


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#1

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/09/2009 3:15 PM

I am involved with components for a vast array of systems for the F-22.

I hope that this recommendation does not go forward, as it would mean ramping-down a huge Supply Chain involved, just from where I sit.

Not to mention an estimated 90K jobs may be impacted with all the major Contractors.

I was lucky enough to get a close-up of this fighter during development stages - awesome weapons machine

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#2
In reply to #1

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/09/2009 7:09 PM

How really does the F22 sit in between the F15, and the F35?

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#3
In reply to #2

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/10/2009 12:02 AM

I agree the way they name these planes is a mystery to me too

I think that those who make the joint strike fighter applaud this move more chance for them to sell their plane

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#5
In reply to #2

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/10/2009 2:05 PM

The method used to choose designations is explained in this link:

http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/1962_United_States_Tri-Service_aircraft_designation_system

Operationally, the F-22 is considered as the replacement for the aging F-15.

There are 3 variants of the F-35. Primarily it is the replacement for the F-16, which is also getting pretty old. One of the F-35 variants will have V/STOL capabilities and is intended to replace the V/STOL AV-8B Harrier used by the Marines. The 3rd variant will be an F-18 replacement.

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#4

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/10/2009 10:23 AM

There should always be conflict between defense contractors, politicians, and the budget conscious "bean counters." Few people accurately predict the requirements for victory in the next war before an outbreak. Personally, I think that the fleet of 135 F-22s, and aging F-15s and F-16s will easily maintain air superiority against any adversary for a long time. (For now I'll leave the Navy out of this, no offense.) But as several of the recent conflicts we've been entangled with show, obtaining air superiority does not mean winning anything but air.

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#6

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/10/2009 3:27 PM

Redfred, in wargames about two years ago with India, India 'destroyed' all US F-16s easily, losing only one or two planes flying Russian and French aircraft. The US air force went away refaced and with its tail between its legs. The F-22 more than turns the tables, capable of taking almost all comers before it is even seen or detected. The other thing is that the F-22 is the only aircraft (F-35 included) capable of defeating/evading the new Russian SAMs that they are selling all around the world, especially to Iran and North Korea. Canceling the F-22 is a bad move. Why do you think the US will not allow these to be sold to any other country (they sell F-16s to practically everyone) and why do you think Japan wants them so badly?

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#7
In reply to #6

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/10/2009 4:06 PM

Excuse me but I agreed with the idea of capping the production of F-22 to the present 135 pieces not scrapping the program. Yes, the Indian military did get quite an ego boost besting our secondary aircraft (wrong term but you hopefully will get my meaning) the F-16 with their air superiority aircraft. They did not go against our aging air superiority plane the F-15s. (If my memory serves me right, we didn't even use AWACS to support the F-16s. Hardly a realistic scenario.) The F-22 is a superb bird and quite needed to replace the venerable F-15. I don't see a problem in considering the next variant, the F-22B(?) when real improvements become capable. I just see no urgency to acquire more than the 135 F-22 planes we have ordered now.

In this time of fiscal collapse, no cow should be considered sacred.

Let's not forget, India will not be attacking us. My point is that conventional war of military versus military will not be our problem for the future or even the near future. Unconventional warfare of pirates, hijackers, and terrorists will be the risk we will be facing. Having air superiority alone, has little impact on these threats.

My final point is that improving our substantial air superiority margin while other aspects of security remain vulnerable does not seem prudent.

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#8
In reply to #7

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/10/2009 5:12 PM

Redfred -- Although I was much influenced by having read a well written Atlantic Monthly article supporting the expansion of the F22 inventory I'm coming around to your position on this matter.

Still the manufacturing engineer in me wonders about the cost of reestablishing production capability for future F22 production should the need to expand our fleet of air superiority aircraft and an F22 design be the logical choice. (This was mentioned but not elaborated on by the writer of the above mentioned Atlantic article.)

Do you have any thoughts on the cost and lead time needed to accomplish such a project? Not being experienced in any way with weapons system manufacture I wonder to what extent the DOD procurement policies require the preservation of manufacturing process technology and specialized process facilities, equipment, tools and fixtures. My experience with commercial capital equipment manufacture is that once production and spare parts requirements stop all that gets preserved is documents formally released into a document control system. Especially the secondary manufacturing process information and tooling at outside suppliers is of no interest unless it is capital equipment owned by the customer, a situation common in only a few industries such as casting and plastic molding for manufacture to "near net shape".

Ed Weldon

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#10
In reply to #8

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/13/2009 9:25 AM

Ed,

You do bring up a strong subtle point. Maintaining production capabilities of hardware, software and what I call flesh-ware (knowledgeable people, both hands and minds) can be very expensive. I have no idea what this might cost, or even if this is worth attempting. I anticipate some of this can be maintained by the Air Force directly, for they must be equipped to maintain these birds.

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#11
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Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/14/2009 10:45 PM

And explains why the RAAF want neither the F35 nor the "F18 Super Hornet" being foisted upon them. The F111s have been strangled by the previous Australian Govt (no doubt hoping for early delivery of F35s) and then they bought some new F18s to fill the needless gap. The RAAF are not impressed. The new Govt revisited the deal but the penalties for dumping the F18 let alone the F35 were prohibitive. The original FA18s have not gone the distance.

The various alliances are all that will sell the F35, as it is already stated that the F35 can't cut it against the machinery available to Indonesia and Malaysia from suppliers in China, Russia and France. Australia has bought from France before (the flying brick named "Mirage") and may be forced to do so again.

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#12
In reply to #11

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/14/2009 11:46 PM

Why not go for saab? their planes are very capable and some of the older types have beautiful design IMO

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#13
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Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/15/2009 1:36 AM

There was a lot of agitation way back (early 70s) for the SAAB Viggen with its double delta wing design when the delivery of the F111C was delayed several times. That and the British TSR2.

The F111 was the first jet aircraft the RAAF were allowed to defer until it actually flew, rather than the usual buy it and make it fly of previous orders. Paid off too I'd say, they are still flying (upgraded to G models), and if they hadn't been nobbled for the F35 project would have made 2020 no worries (at least according to senior RAAF figures).

Whether the Swedes got a look in would be interesting to see, their contribution to the Collins Class Submarine was less than good.

I'm hoping either the critics of the F35 are too harsh or that their criticism will lead to a better aircraft. Australia has invested heavily in the R&D for the Marque and for alliance reasons US sourced product has the inside track.

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#14
In reply to #13

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/15/2009 2:06 AM

here in Japan i went to Misawa air base's open day, and was surprised that japan still uses F4's (older than F111). maybe buy some Russian planes and upgrade those

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Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/15/2009 2:30 AM

There were some F4s leased to the RAAF in the predelivery days of the F111. I was surprised to see then trotted out in the first Gulf war as "Wild Weasels" to take out radar.

I suppose that is it when a plane gets old or obsolete designate it to ground attack, instances such as the Dassaut Mirage and the Hawker Hurricane abound.

When the F111s park up it will be the end of quite an era, they have done the flying torch routine for all sorts of events since they were delivered. The FA18s are much newer than your F4 and they are stuffed, with metal fatigue.

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#9

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/11/2009 9:13 PM

As someone who provides for my family with income from military programs but also as has served with a battle force command staff I can tell you we need to do what is right. Gates said it best "You have to fight the war your in". I just hope that the money saved from military programs wont be wasted on other crap. I'm by no means in the loop but it doesn't appear that need that many F-22's, a couple hundred should do it. At one time the Air force planned for 750!

The current plan is to double the F-35 program, boost the special operational forces by 2800 and to add about more 50 drones to address the current and foreseeable bad guys.......Our biggest obstacle is growing the stones to use these weapons. I seems like the politicians are afraid someones going to get hurt.

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#16
In reply to #9

Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/17/2009 3:42 PM

From what I've read there is a growing emphasis on spending on cheap unmanned aircraft.

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#17
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Re: The F-22 Raptor: Bird of Prey

04/19/2009 8:48 PM

Like the V1?

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